Mantlet - side, front view

Mantlet - Side view

Mantlet - Rear view

Mantlet

Mantlet
This is a protection device for use in the field to protect the workers operating the siege machines.
Many of these were built and were moved into position to protect the soldiers and workers who were
an important part of the siege.

Provins. Tour de Ce'sar

Provins.  Tour de Ce'sar

Above a mid-twelth century castle.  It had an unsually shaped keep on a square base with four semicircular corner turrets.  I consists of twi levels.  The crenelated  wall that surrounds it is called a "chemise."

1. Wall extends down the motte and forms a gate;

2. Curtain (Chemise) Wall;

3. Allure (Wall walk);

4. Mound (Motte);

5. 12th Century Keep.

Orig. Sidney Toy. Mens. ETDELT. 1925

Chateau de Houdan -- The Donjon

The donjon at Houdan was built about AD 1130.  The inside plan is a splayed corner square, while outside it is multacircular, with four corner turrets (projecting).  The two stories of the donjon are of an unusual height .  The walls are carried up on all sides, 16 feet above th gutter to mask the roof.  The original doorway is in the North turret, 20 feet above ground level, and was reached by a drawbridge from the curtain wall which passed near the donjon at this point.

Reference:- Sidney Toy, "Castles - Their Construction and History," (Dover Books -1985)

Redrawn and Enhanced -- Marcus Audens

Scarborough Roman Signal Station

Scarborough Roman Signal Station
The remains of signal stations have been found at Huntcliff, Goldsborough,
Ravenscar, Scarborough, and Filey.  A sixth was likely at Flamborough Head
 because four of the other signal stations could be viewed from that location.

In AD 383 these stations were built like smallforts.  Each had for its defense a
ditch, stone wall complete with corner towers.  The watch tower approximately
20 meters in hieght with a fire pit and beacon fire ready to light stood in the
center of the walled enclosure.

Note 1-- The Northeasternportion of the signal station (above) has been lost
to cliff erosion over the many years;

Note 2-- The Roman Inscription carved into a rock at the Ravenscar site reads;
"IUSTINIANUSPP
VINDIDANUS
MASBIERIURR
MCASIRUMEFOATO"
One translation of this above text records that Justinianus, the Commander, and
Vindicianus, the Magister, constructed the tower (burgus).

How these forts and their beacon fires operated is a mystery.  They may have
been used to send a signal inland to the cavalry fort at Derventio (Malton)
which might then dispatch a rapid reaction force.  Alternatively, the
beacons may only have signalled a warning to local settlements inland.
One theory is that signals passed along the coast to warn ships of the Roman
 Fleet docked along the Holderness coast or in the Humber estuary.
Perhaps all these theories are correct and the signal stations could serve
several purposes at once.  The garrisons for these signal stations was small,
but seem to have been purely military.  The fortifications were certainly
significant enough, and must have easily deterred Saxon raiders from besieging
and disabling them.

Reference: P. Elliott, "The Last Legionary,.....," Spellmount, Gloucester, G.B., 2007