Greek Trireme -- Modern Day Construction

 

This is a bow on photograph of the vessel under sail with the oars brought inboard. Note the two eyes of the ship just above her Bronze Ram.

Reference:

http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00336/images/trireme.1.jpg

Greek Trireme

 

This is a view from the stern of the vessel. Note the double lateral rudders and the curvature of the hull into a upturned stern.

Reference:

http://www.jimpryor.net/teaching/courses/intro/notes/images/trireme.jpg

Greek Trireme

 

Reference:

http://upload.wikimediaorg/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trireme_1.jpg/755px-Trireme_1.jpg

Vittangi Boat

 

Vittangi Boat -

Viking ship construction continues today in Scandinavia including production of Viking replicas, small homemade utility vessels, and vessels used by the native Saami such as the one shown above from Vittangi in Northern Sweden. Perhaps someday it will be shown that the design of Viking ships did not originate in the southern Baltic and Europe, but rather from boatbuilding traditions of the northern boreal forests which also survive today.

Reference:--

W.W. Fitzhugh and E. I Ward (eds.), "Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga," Nordic Council of Ministers, Smithsonian Institute, New York, 2000

Viking Ship Under Sail

 

In this photo it is easy to see the main aspect of the "clinker" built ship. Each hull plank rests on the one below it, instead of the planks being flush with each other. The sail is in one piece reaching from the sail's "yard" all the way down to the hull. Note also the very high stem piece with the carving on top and the low free board at the side This style of ship has a length to width ratio of between 6 and 7 to 1 which is narrow for a ship and almost always signals a warship style rather than a commercial vessel.

Reference:

W.W. Fitzhugh and E. I. Ward, "Vikings, The North Atlantic Saga," Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, cover jacket, 2000.

Senator Marcus Minucius Audens

 

Byzantine Helmet -- 13th century

 

Brimmed helmets (with the "brims" sometimes little more than a flared rim) were the predominant type in the 12th-13th centuries, but during the 14th century they seem to have been displaced by the Bascinets, similar to those in Western Europe.

 

Hungarian Helmets:

A. Peceneg helmet, perhaps basically of Byzantium origin, with nomad decorations, 11th-12th century (Deri Museum Nemiya #2, Debrecan);

B. 10th-11th century Magyar helmet of directly riveted segments, decorated with copper filets (Archealogical Museum, Pecs);

C. Cuman helmet in mixed steppe and Iranian style, 13th century (National Museum, Budapest);

D. 14th century "bascinet" with "klappvisier", probably of German origin, 1380 (National; Museum, Budapest);

E. Helmet in Turkish style, Mohacs, period, early 15th century (National Museum, Budapest).

Mural Gallery, Eastern Curtain, Perge

 

A mural gallery in an eastern curtain at Perge. The wall-walk is only 1.6 meters wide here and behind the buttresses it narrows down to 0.6 meters. There was not room enough for placing and using missile engines, so the mural gallery was either used only by archers, or else temporary wooden planking was placed beyond the stone wall-walk between the buttresses.

Ref. Nossov, "Greek Fortifications ---"

Medieval Tower, Assos

 

A medieval tower in the acropolis at Assos. In the Byzantine and Turkish periods the ancient fortifications of Assos were rebuilt. The masonry of the medieval towers, often erected on ancient foundations was quite different, consisting of rubble on mortar.

Ref. Nossov, "Greek Fortifications ==="

Western Curtain, Perge

 

The curtain on the western side of the Perge, viewed from the city. Projecting courses of eaves are visible on the top. Rows of eaves allowed the widening of the wall-walk, thus making it more convenient for traffic and defense without conducting the labor-consuming work of broadening the entire wall.

Ref. --Nossov, "Greek Fortifications ==="

"Roman Gate", Perge

 

This so-called "Roman Gate" at Perge was probably built in the 3rd century AD right in front of a monumental Hellenistic Gate. An additional line of fortifications built to the South was seemingly designed to protect the expanded territory of the city. Meanwhile the Roman fortifications were far from formidable and were probably only created for effect.

Ref. Nossov, "Greek Fortifications ---"

Side, Turkey

 

A section of a curtain backed by corbelled buttresses at Side. A slit has been made in each bay between the buttresses. Note the slits are in different heights in different bays.

Ref/ Nossov, "Greek Fortifications---"

City Wall With A Jog, Priene

 

The city wall at Priene showing a jog in the wall. The jog allowed flanking fire to be brought to bear upon the space alongside the adjusting curtain, but unlike with a tower, this was on one side only. A jog was a cheap alternative to a tower. In Priene, the South city wall was protected mostly by jogs, while along the rest of the wall, there were towers

Ref. Nossov, "Greek Fortifications---"

Wall Arches At Side

 

A section of a curtain backed by arches at Side. A lower wall-walk was placed on top of the arches. The central slits in every bay between the pillars were designed for arrow firing devices such as three-span catapults or even two-cubit engines. The small slit on the right hand side was probably intended for an observer who directed the artillerymen. The observer would find himself, however, in an extremely precarious and dangerous position being too close to the recoiling arm of any engine. The upper wall-walk and parapet are only preserved in fragments.



Ref. Nossov, "Greek Fortifications---"

Tower in Heraclea on Latmus

 

A tower in Heraclea on Latmus. viewed from the inside. The central windowws on the lower story were designed for small engines, and there were slits for archers on the sides. The upper story is provided with large windows for large missile machines.

ref. -- Nosov, "Greek Fortifications---"

Heracleia on Latmus

 

The magnificent ruins of the Hellenic fortifications have been preserved here and there on a ridge of the rocks towering over Lake Bafa. Both towers have been outlined in ink to assist in viewing against a light background.

Tower at Diocaesararia

 

This tower is viewed from the East. Two doors have been discovered in the tower; one on the ground floor (in the southern wall), the other on the second floor (in the eastern wall). The designation of the latter is subject to debate. Some scholars believe that it was the second entrance to the tower, others think that it opened onto a balcony, and was made solely for amenity. The fact that the door leads to a stone staircase connecting the stories, not to a room, seems to lend weight to the former interpretation.

The main or West Gate at Assos

 

The gate proper, revealed by false pointed arches at the front and at the back, has been destroyed. However, two rectangular towers flanking the gate are fairly well preserved. The left hand one is 16 meters high, and only has slits on the second floor. There are two corbels with square sockets above the slits. Flags may have been placed in these sockets. The towers had battlements, evidenced by a now lost drainage gutter in the upper course. The left tower has been outlined in ink to make it more visible against the sky.

The Main Gate at Sillyon

 

This gate consisting of two flanking towers with a semicircular courtyard behind them, represents a type very common in Pamphylia. A postern was made in the right hand tower, which the defenders could use for a surprise attack on the enemy.