Kutahya (after Fosse)

 

Drawing :-

Byzantine fortifications are recorded in black;
Germiyan repairs and additions are recorded in blue;
Ottoman repairs and lower city wall are recorded in red.

1-Lower Gate;
2-Main mosque;
3-citadel;
4-Main entrance path;
5-Postern Gate;
6-Walled lower town.

Kutahya was located in western Anatolia. It was established far from any frontier, and was the capital of a good sized province. Using the information from some Ottoman records dating from 1698, we know the following about the organization of this fortress:

--The citadel force was comprised of one hundred and nineteen fortress guards;
--These guards were armed with two pistols and one musket each;
--The citadel itself was designated as a "Timar" (fief);
--The "Timar" (fief) was assigned to a "Dizdar" (senior Commander);
--This assignment, considering the location of the citadel, and the number of defenders, would probably be considered as a warden's duty in the present day;
--However, we also know that the "Dizdar" (Senior Commander) received a large income from his position as a "Timar" (fief) commander.

"Dizdar" -- One who commands all others;

Fief-- Feudal estate;

"Timar" -- a fief;

Records of the Ottoman Empire show that "Timars" held by garrison commanders could consist of entire villages {qaraye) or only a portion of a village (hisse);

The biggest "Timars" were awarded to a "Dizdar" (fortress commander);

In the earliest part of Suleyman II's reign there were 9,653 "Timar" holders registered.

Reference:--

David Nicolle, "Ottoman Fortifications 1300 to 1710," Fortress - 95, Osprey Pub., Oxford, UK, 2010

Midship sections of Northern European Clinker-built Boats

 

Top Left -- Hjortspring Boat - (c. 300 BC);

Top Right --Nydam Boat -(8th to 9th century);

Second Row Down - Osberg Boat - (9th to 10th century);

Third Row down -- Gokstad Boat - (9th to 10th century);

Fourth Row Down -- Ladby Boat - (c. 1000 AD).

Reference:

R.W. Unger, "The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600," Croom-Helm , McGill-Queen's University, Montreal, 1980, P.84

English Warship, 13th century

 

Note in this draw in the following items:

--The hull is double ended;
--A single square sail on a single mast;
--Lateral Rudder on only one side of the ship;
--Both "Castles" were obviously simply built onto the ship and were not part of the ship's original design;
--The hull is short and wide, probably a ratio of length to width of 5 or 4 to 1. This is indicative that the same design of ships were used as both warships and commercial ships in this period.


Reference:

H.B. Culver, "The Book of Old Ships," Dover Publications , New York,1992

Viking Ship Under Sail

 

In this photo it is easy to see the main aspect of the "clinker" built ship. Each hull plank rests on the one below it, instead of the planks being flush with each other. The sail is in one piece reaching from the sail's "yard" all the way down to the hull. Note also the very high stem piece with the carving on top and the low free board at the side This style of ship has a length to width ratio of between 6 and 7 to 1 which is narrow for a ship and almost always signals a warship style rather than a commercial vessel.

Reference:

W.W. Fitzhugh and E. I. Ward, "Vikings, The North Atlantic Saga," Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, cover jacket, 2000.

Gokstad Viking Ship

 

The Gokstad Viking ship was excavated in 1880, and in 1893, a replica of the Gokstad ship attended the Great Chicago Exhibition, after completing a crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The ship is double ended and of much lower freeboard than a Viking Cargo ship. The main propulsion was by oars with an auxiliary sail. The ships long and narrow design gave it a length to width ratio of nearly 7 to 1 whereas a merchant ship usually has a length to width ratio of between 2.3 to 1 up to 5 to 1. The Gokstad ship was "clinker" built and boasted of 16 Oarsmen per side.

Reference:-

R. W. Unger, "The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600 to 1600," McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1980, P. 87

Sea People's Ship

 

The Sea peoples were identified as some ethnic groups who were identified as "raiders" in the 14th century BC, and who raided many of the early civilizations around the Eastern Mediterranean. Figure 8.18 is a tentative isometric reconstruction, of a Sea people's Ship (or at least the bow section) depicting the main elements of it's architecture, as shown by the positions of the bodies of three dead warriors. (Drawings by F.M. Hocker, courtesy of the Nautical Institute of Archaeology.)

Reference:-

Shelley Wachsmann, "Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant," Texas A. and M. University Press, College Station, TX, 1998, P. 173

Oil Lamp

 

These are drawings of an oil lamp found close by the "Sea of Galilee Boat." The lamp was dated to a period from 50 BC to AD 50. It was made in the style of a Roman lamp and was probably thrown on a pottery wheel near the Sea of Galilee or in Jerusalem.

Reference:-

Shelley Wachsmann, "The Sea of Galilee Boat," Perseus, Pub., 1995, P. 243